- Sufyan Masih, a 24-year-old Pakistani Christian, was fraudulently designated as a Muslim on his National Identity Card by his employer to falsely “convert” and enslave him.
- Authorities in Pakistan systemically deny and delay changes to ID cards with significant human rights implications; Backed by ADF International, Masih’s identity card has been corrected to « Christian” after a 6–year legal ordeal.
Pictured: Sufyan Masih
Kasur District, Pakistan (04 March 2025) Sufyan Masih, a 24-year-old brick kiln worker and Christian, has been legally allowed to register as a Christian following a 6-year-long legal ordeal in Pakistan. Masih was fraudulently “converted” and registered by his employer as a Muslim on his National Identity Card. The employer registered Masih as a Muslim in an attempt to enslave him, including withholding pay and prohibiting him from returning to his family. The employer claimed that he “adopted” Masih when he fraudulently switched his identity to a Muslim.
Masih and all his family members are illiterate and could not understand the ID form. His case is just one of the many examples of targeted harassment through the National Identity Card system.
In a May 2024 verdict, a civil judge in Pakistan rejected Masih’s petition to change his identity to Christian despite his testimony that he was not practicing the Islamic religion. Authorities in Pakistan deny and delay changes to ID cards once someone is registered as Muslim on the basis of the belief that everyone is born Muslim. Muslims are not allowed to change their religion on the ID cards. A change in religion on ID cards is only allowed when you are able to show that there was an error in the record or when you are converting to Islam. As stated by civil judge Mian Usman Tariq in Masih’s 2024 trial: “Islam teaches that everyone is Muslim at birth but the parents and society cause one to deviate from the straight path”.
Desperately attempting to recover their son, Masih’s family turned to ADF International for legal support. On appeal, a civil judge in Pakistan has now upheld Masih’s right to correct his identity card to reflect his Christian faith, noting that Masih was a victim of false “conversion”.
The end of Masih’s legal ordeal, just one of many examples of systematic religious persecution in Pakistan, comes as officials from the European Union issued a warning to Pakistan regarding its human rights violations, including blasphemy laws, forced conversions, and other targeted persecution against religious minorities. If not addressed, Pakistan’s trade relations with the EU could be jeopardized.
“We are thankful that Sufyan Masih finally is able to freely live and identify as a Christian following so many years of extreme hardship,” said Tehmina Arora, ADF International’s Director of Advocacy for Asia.
“This is yet another example of how laws in Pakistan are weaponized to punish and target Christians. Pakistani authorities make it extremely difficult to “stop” being a Muslim once you are designated as such. This presents a major problem for Christians like Sufyan when they are illegally converted to Islam on their identification documents, which is a pervasive problem and egregious violation of religious freedom. We are grateful for the precedent that is set by this victory, and hopeful that it will go on to protect Christians and other religious minorities in Pakistan who are unjustly persecuted because of their faith.”
Case Background
ADF International allied lawyers filed a petition on Masih’s behalf in September 2022 after the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) in Pakistan refused to accept Masih’s requests to correct his religious designation and his name on his national identity card. During the proceedings, allied lawyers submitted evidence, including Masih’s baptism certificate, and presented Masih’s Christian parents in court as evidence of his Christian identity. In addition, Masih himself told the court that he continued to practice his Christian faith and was not a Muslim.
Following the May 2024 verdict in which a civil judge rejected Masih’s petition to identify as Christian, ADF International’s allied lawyers challenged the civil court’s decision in the court of Ahmad Saeed, an additional district judge in Pattoki, who in November 2024 set aside the earlier verdict, holding that Masih was a victim of fraudulent “conversion” by his employers.
Following this court decision, Masih has been able to get his National Identity Card correctly updated to reflect his Christian faith.
Denial of Religious Freedom
Apostasy is considered a sin punishable by death under most schools of Islamic jurisprudence. Although there is no specific law in Pakistan to deny Muslims their right to change religion, apostasy may be punished under Section 295-A of the country’s blasphemy statutes, which imposes up to two years imprisonment for “outraging the religious feelings of any class of citizens.”
In this case, Masih faced the risk of being branded as an apostate or his family members being accused of blasphemy given the appearance that he was converting away from Islam to Christianity, although in reality he was never a Muslim.
International law guarantees the freedom to change one’s religion, along with the right to practice it either publicly and privately. Pakistan is a state party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which enshrines the right of every person “to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and freedom, either individually or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching. »
“What has happened to Masih and hundreds of others who suffer similar legal abuses in Pakistan is a clear violation of the right to religious freedom guaranteed under international human rights law. Further, Article 20 of Pakistan’s Constitution allows citizens the right to profess, practice and propagate their religion. Masih’s case shows how this fundamental right is being systematically denied, perpetuating a culture where Christians and other religious minorities suffer violations of their basic human rights,” Arora continued.
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